The couple eventually had three children together. She founded the American Birth Control League, one of the parent organizations of the Birth Control Federation of America, which in 1942 became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. Summary: The founder of the largest abortion provider in America is often remembered for her efforts to legalize contraception as well as her eugenicist views of the “fit” and “unfit.” Less remembered is the philosophy of Birth … The court wouldn't overturn the earlier verdict, but it made an exception in the existing law to allow doctors to prescribe contraception to their female patients for medical reasons. Margaret Sanger was the founder of the birth control movement in the United States and an international leader in the field. However, the main theme running through The Birth Control Review was eugenics, thus the masthead “Birth Control: To Create a Race of Thoroughbreds.”The pseudo-science of eugenics was taken very seriously in the first half of the twentieth century and was taught in hundreds of colleges and universities using scores of textbooks written by distinguished scholars. – Margaret Sanger. Her magazines and journals were filled with writings and articles by well-known eugenicists and members of Hitler's Third Reich. Margaret Sanger’s journal was primarily devoted to the legalization and spread of voluntary birth control. In 1912 Sanger gave up nursing to devote herself to the cause of birth control and sex education, publishing a series of articles on the topics, including “What Every Girl Should Know” for the New York Call. Mar 18, 2017 - Explore diane's board "Margaret Sanger" on Pinterest. While she was serving time, the first issue of her periodical The Birth Control Review was published. Ibid., 123. He … In 1921, Sanger established the American Birth Control League, a precursor to today's Planned Parenthood Federation of America. According to her biographer, David Kennedy, “Margaret Sanger’s radicalism grew from the profound sense of alienation from her environing culture which she had felt since childhood,” as well as a sense of frustration with convention inherited from her father, Michael Higgins. Given her enduring influence, it's worth considering what the woman who founded Planned Parenthood contributed to the eugenics movement. We strive for accuracy and fairness. She died a year later on September 6, 1966, in a nursing home in Tucson, Arizona. He is the grandson of Margaret Sanger, the founder of Planned Parenthood who opened America's first birth control clinic in Brownsville, Brooklyn, in 1916. https://www.sunsigns.org/famousbirthdays/d/profile/margaret-sanger Erasing Margaret Sanger from Planned Parenthood doesn’t change abortion’s eugenic logic Serrin M. Foster , Damian J. Geminder Margaret Sanger was a eugenicist. On July 14, 2015, … Increasingly, it was the issue of family limitation that attracted Sanger's … Championed by Anthony Comstock, the act included publications, devices and medications related to contraception and abortion in its definition of obscene materials. In 1914, Sanger started a feminist publication called The Woman Rebel, which promoted a woman's right to have birth control. Her retirement did not last long, however. She began touring to promote birth control, a term that she coined. Sanger worked to secure two new human rights: the right to decide whether to have a child and the right of a child to be wanted. However, as with her work in white communities, Sanger emphasized the importance of giving African Americans choices about parenthood and the number of children they wished to have. In 1910, activist and social reformer Margaret Sanger moved to Greenwich Village and started a publication promoting a woman's right to birth control (a term that she coined). The evidence is overwhelming. The work of Sanger and Stopes reached only a small fraction of the millions of couples who in the 1920s and ’30s lived in a world irrevocably altered by World War I, crushed by economic depression, and striving for the then lowest birth rates in history. In 1927, she held a World Population Conference in Geneva which attracted over 300 scientists. This research project would yield the first oral contraceptive, Enovid, which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1960. Who Was Margaret Sanger? Also around this time, Sanger married for her second husband, oil businessman J. Noah H. Slee. She also carried out a seven-year campaign in Washington to overturn the Comstock Law of 1873. On one level they have … Margaret Sanger (1879-1966) almost single-handedly founded the birth control movement in the United States. Margaret Sanger, the mother of Planned Parenthood, was born as Margaret Higgins in the city of Corning in upstate New York in 1879. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Margaret-Sanger, New York University - The Margaret Sanger Papers Project, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Biography of Margaret Sanger, Margaret Sanger - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), International Planned Parenthood Federation. Margaret Sanger 1879-1966 By Debra Michals, PhD | 2017 In the early 20th century, at a time when matters surrounding family planning or women’s healthcare were not spoken in public, Margaret Sanger founded the birth control movement and became an outspoken and life-long advocate for women’s reproductive rights. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Her main success was in bringing discussions of Birth Control into the public arena. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Later that year she opened in Brooklyn the first birth control clinic in the United States. Margaret Sanger was born on September 14, 1879 in Corning, New York, USA as Margaret Louisa Higgins. She (and others) wanted sexual revolution: a smashing down of barriers to sexual liberation. Margaret Sanger Margaret Sanger "No Gods, No Masters," the rallying cry of the Industrial Workers of the World, was her personal and political manifesto. In her own words, Sanger peddles racism, eugenics, contraception, abortion, while demonstrating a visceral hatred for children, parenthood, marriage and the Catholic Church. Through her work, Sanger treated a number of women who had undergone back-alley abortions or tried to self-terminate their pregnancies. Omissions? Sanger's other colleagues included avowed and sophisticated racists. Her father was an Irish immigrant, and her mother an Irish-American. The man was not a Nazi or Klansman; he was Dr. S. Adolphus Knopf, a member of Margaret Sanger's American Birth Control League (ABCL), which along with other groups eventually became known as Planned Parenthood. – Planned Parenthood was founded by enthusiastic eugenicist Margaret Sanger in 1916. In 1916 Margaret Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the U.S., in Brooklyn. She was one of eleven children and blamed her mother's early death on both the family's poverty and her mother's frequent pregnancies and childbirths. From The history of the birth control movement [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons. Sanger returned to the United States in October 1915, after the charges against her had been dropped. In 1912 she began writing a column on sex education for the New York Call entitled "What Every Girl Should Know." Margaret Sanger is a historical figure referenced in the show Boardwalk Empire, where she is a major influence to main character Margaret Schroeder. As grandson Alexander Sanger, chair of the International Planned Parenthood Council, explained, "She believed that women wanted their children to be free of poverty and disease, that women were natural eugenicists, and that birth control, which could limit the number of children and improve their quality of life, was the panacea to accomplish this." Sanger, who had traveled to Europe to study the issue of birth control there, also organized the first World Population Conference in Geneva in 1927, and she was the first president of the International Planned Parenthood Federation (founded 1953). For all of her advocacy work, Sanger was not without controversy. The monthly magazine landed her in trouble, as it was illegal to send out information on contraception through the mail. While there, she worked in the women's movement and researched other forms of birth control, including diaphragms, which she later smuggled back into the United States. Margaret Mitchell wrote the bestselling 1936 novel 'Gone With the Wind,' which was made into an enduring classic film. Margaret Higgins Sanger (born Margaret Louise Higgins, September 14, 1879 – September 6, 1966, also known as Margaret Sanger Slee) was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The league was one of the parent organizations of the Birth Control Federation of America, which in 1942 became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America, with Sanger as honorary chairman. Across the nation, there are numerous women's health clinics that carry the Sanger name — in remembrance of her efforts to advance women's rights and the birth control movement. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Although people used contraceptives prior to the twentieth century, in the US the 1873 Comstock Act made the distribution of information relating to the use of contraceptives illegal, and similar state-level Comstock laws also classified discussion and … She was indicted for mailing materials advocating birth control, but the charges were dropped in 1916. She attended Claverack College and then took nurse’s training in New York at the White Plains Hospital and the Manhattan Eye and Ear Clinic. 7. She is credited with originating the term birth control. Portrait of Margaret SANGER, in New York in the 1920s. Her father Michael Higgins had emigrated to America as a teenager during the American Civil War, and had enlisted in the Union Army as a drummer. Corrections? Seeking a better life, Sanger attended Claverack College and Hudson River Institute in 1896. A supporter of the Industrial Workers of the World union, she participated in a number of strikes. The family lived in poverty as her father, Michael, an Irish stonemason, preferred to drink and talk politics than earn a steady wage. Sanger started her campaign to educate women about sex in 1912 by writing a newspaper column called "What Every Girl Should Know." See more ideas about margaret sanger, sanger, planned parenthood. Sanger and her sister spent 30 days in jail for breaking the Comstock law. Her father was an Irish immigrant, and her mother an Irish-American. "No woman can call herself free until she can choose consciously whether she will or will not be a mother," Sanger said. A couple of years ago, Margaret Sanger was named one of Time magazine's "20 Most Influential Americans of All Time." Sanger stepped out of the spotlight for a time, choosing to live in Tucson, Arizona. Sanger was active in women’s labor protests, participating in a number of strikes during her time in the party. She coined the term birth control. Margaret Fuller is best known for feminist writing and literary criticism in 19th century America. The committee sought to make it legal for doctors to freely distribute birth control. VERY REVEALING Margaret Sanger Interviewhttp://www.vaticancatholic.com/http://www.youtube.com/user/mhfm1 She was one of 11 children born into a Roman Catholic working-class Irish American family. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Front and back covers of Margaret Sanger's pamphlet. Margaret Sanger practiced obstetrical nursing on the Lower East Side of New York City, where she witnessed the relationships between poverty, uncontrolled fertility, high rates of infant and maternal mortality, and deaths from botched illegal abortions. Margaret Sanger and Fania Mindell surrounded by a crowd after appearing in court in 1917. She organized the American Birth Control League. Her mother, Anne, had several miscarriages, and Sanger believed that all of these pregnancies took a toll on her mother's health and contributed to her early death at the age of 40 (some reports say 50). Marriage. Her free-thinking father's politics might have ignited her activism, but watching the process of her mother, aged 50 years, die after 18 … Margaret Sanger, Fania Mindell, and Ethel Byrne (not pictured) were put on trial for operating a birth control clinic. Abolitionist and women's rights activist Sojourner Truth is best known for her speech on racial inequalities, "Ain't I a Woman?" Margaret Sanger was an early feminist and women's rights activist who coined the term "birth control" and worked towards its legalization. She died in 1966. Beginning in 1873, antipornography crusader Anthony Comstock lobbied through Congress and the state legislatures laws forbidding the distribution of contraceptive devices and even information. Her father was a free-thinker and her mother a Roman Catholic. 7. Margaret Louise Higgins was born in Corning, New York, the sixth of 11 children. Margaret Sanger with a client in a family-planning and birth-control clinic. The Legacy of Margaret Sanger (full series) The Birth of Birth Control | The Tragedy of Overpopulation Back in the USSR | Sterilization | The Woman Who United the Left. (CNN) If Margaret Sanger sounds familiar, it's because you might have encountered her in history class. Margaret Sanger and Planned Parenthood on Negroes “The mass of Negroes, particularly in the South, still breed carelessly and disastrously, with the result that the increase among Negroes, even more than among whites, is from that portion of the population least intelligent and fit, and least able to rear children properly.” She was arrested and charged with maintaining a “public nuisance,” and in 1917 she served 30 days in the Queens penitentiary. She was married twice, to William Sanger in 1900 and, after a divorce, to J. Noah H. Slee in 1922. In the early 1900s, while working as a midwife among poverty-stricken women in New York City’s Lower East Side, she often met women who asked her for the secret to preventing pregnancy. Margaret Sanger's birth control movement and quest for the Pill intersected the rise of the eugenics movement in America. She had separated from her husband by this time, and the two later divorced. VERY REVEALING Margaret Sanger Interviewhttp://www.vaticancatholic.com/http://www.youtube.com/user/mhfm1 Sanger lived to see another important reproductive rights milestone in 1965, when the Supreme Court made birth control legal for married couples in its decision on Griswold v. Connecticut. Part of her life is depicted in the 2014 film 'Big Eyes.'. Sanger was born Margaret Louise Higgins, the sixth of 11 children. – Margaret Sanger. Margaret Atwood is an award-winning Canadian poet, novelist and essayist known for books like 'The Handmaid’s Tale,' 'Cat's Eye' and 'Oryx and Crake,' among an array of other works. May 14, 1922 In Japan, rumors spread that Margaret Sanger and birth control is an American plot to decrease the population of Nippon so the United States can seize the island empire. Among her numerous books are What Every Mother Should Know (1917), My Fight for Birth Control (1931), and Margaret Sanger: An Autobiography (1938). Summary: The founder of the largest abortion provider in America is often remembered for her efforts to legalize contraception as well as her eugenicist views of the “fit” and “unfit.” Less remembered is the philosophy of Birth … O n Tuesday, Planned Parenthood of Greater New York announced that it would be removing the name of Margaret Sanger, the organization’s founder, from the group’s Manhattan clinic. Still seeking a "magic pill," Sanger recruited Gregory Pincus, a human reproduction expert, to work on the problem in the early 1950s. Margaret Sanger, the founder of Planned Parenthood, was an adulteress, racist and bigot, a supporter of Hitler's Nazi party, and a believer in eugenics - the purification of a particular race of people by selective breeding. Later appealing her conviction, she scored a victory for the birth control movement. Who Is Margaret Sanger and Her Connection To The Nazi Party: 07:40: 09:40: Learn The Facts About Margaret Sanger and Bill Gates Tagged as: Bill Gates, Eugenics, Margaret Sanger, Nazi Party, Nazis, Planned Parenthood, The Euthanasia Society. 6. Margaret Sanger was instrumental in bringing public awareness to the problem of unwanted, multiple pregnancies. In 1900 she became a probation nurse and in 1902 she married arc… It is unclear how extensively Sanger was involved in the eugenics movement, though she did believe that birth control could be used to prevent the breeding of unfit individuals. She was a director and writer, known for Birth Control (1917) and The Mike Wallace Interview (1957). Margaret Sanger, The Pivot of Civilization (New York: Brentano's, 1922), 108. Margaret Sanger (September 14, 1879-September 6, 1966) risked scandal, danger, and imprisonment to challenge the legal and cultural obstacles that made controlling fertility difficult and illegal. They were charged with providing information on contraception and fitting women for diaphragms. Indeed, she was as big a racist as any Imperial Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan ever was. The first female prime minister of Britain, Margaret Thatcher was a controversial figurehead of conservative ideology during her time in office. Margaret Sanger, the founder of Planned Parenthood, was an adulteress, racist and bigot, a supporter of Hitler's Nazi party, and a believer in eugenics - the purification of a particular race of people by selective breeding. Margaret Sanger, a nurse who, in 1914, became a pioneering crusader for women's reproductive rights after she published a booklet on birth control techniques that flew in the face of a law established by Anthony Comstock forbidding the dissemination of information on contraception. The younger sister of Queen Elizabeth II, Princess Margaret drew attention for a personal life marked by controversial relationships. She was married to James Noah Henry Slee and William Sanger. The area was a bohemian enclave known for its radical politics at the time, and the couple became immersed in that world. In 1910, activist and … The league was one of the parent organizations of the Birth Control Federation of America, which in 1942 became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.” This organization has seen many foul practices when it comes to women, the preborn, and babies’ health. Her mother had several miscarriages and died at an early age. Title Margaret Sanger papers, Summary Correspondence, diaries, speeches, lectures, articles, organizational records, clippings, scrapbooks, printed matter, photographs, memorabilia, and other papers relating to Sanger's activities on behalf of birth control in the U.S. and throughout the world. In 1910, the Sangers moved to New York City, settling in the Manhattan neighborhood of Greenwich Village. Catholic League president Bill Donohue comments on attempts to salvage Margaret Sanger’s racist history: Aside from pro-abortion activists, everyone who has taken a serious look at the writings and speeches of Margaret Sanger admits that she was a racist. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership. It is generally accepted that Sanger’s notions were no more racist than those found in society in general at the time. Margaret Sanger was an early feminist and women's rights activist who coined the term "birth control" and worked towards its legalization. https://www.hli.org/resources/sangers-birth-control-review-part-i Horrible Margaret Sanger quotes. Her father was a free-thinker and her mother a Roman Catholic. He is also a columnist at the Washington Free Beacon. She is an American nurse established in New York City, a Socialist author and the most prominent advocate of sex education and birth control in the United States of the early 20th century. None of … – Planned Parenthood was founded by enthusiastic eugenicist Margaret Sanger in 1916. Rather than face a possible five-year jail sentence, Sanger fled to England. Margaret Mead was a cultural anthropologist and writer best known for her studies and publications on the subject. In addition, through the “Negro Project,” working closely with NAACP leader W.E.B. “Margaret Sanger championed birth control and she supported the racist ideology of eugenics—both are true,” the chief equity and engagement officer at … As a consequence of these actions, critics have described Sanger as racist. In 1923, while with the league, she opened the first legal birth control clinic in the United States. The Legacy of Margaret Sanger (full series) The Birth of Birth Control | The Tragedy of Overpopulation Back in the USSR | Sterilization | The Woman Who United the Left. In 1914 she issued a short-lived magazine, The Woman Rebel, and distributed a pamphlet, Family Limitation, advocating her views. Sanger delivered the address before the Institute of Euthenics at Vassar College on August 5, 1926. Margaret Sanger founded the “American Birth Control League, and she served as its president until 1928. She served as its president until 1928. In 1921…. “Margaret Sanger’s racist legacy continues to be at work in America, as seen in Planned Parenthood’s business model,” Students for Life of America’s President Kristan Hawkins said in a statement to Fox News. The Comstock Act of 1873 prohibited the trade in and circulation of "obscene and immoral materials." Du Bois, Sanger brought birth control to African American communities. Margaret Sanger was born on September 14, 1879 in Corning, New York, USA as Margaret Louisa Higgins. Sanger fought for women's rights for her entire life. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Humanity would only flourish once God’s commandments had been relegated to history. Lucy Stone was a leading activist and pioneer of the abolitionist and women's rights movements. After a brief teaching career, she practiced obstetrical nursing on the Lower East Side of New York City, where she witnessed the relationships between poverty, uncontrolled fertility, high rates of infant and maternal mortality, and deaths from botched illegal abortions. Margaret Sanger was born in 1879 in New York, one of 11 children born into an impoverished family. Her views and those of her peers in the movement … She is credited with originating the term birth control. Sanger joined the Women's Committee of the New York Socialist Party and the Liberal Club. Sanger’s racist views were well-established, declaring that “minorities (including most of America’s immigrants) are inferior in the human race, as are the physically and mentally handicapped.” – In a speech to the New History Society in 1932, Sanger called for “a stern and rigid policy of sterilization, … “The undeniably feeble-minded should, indeed, not only be discouraged but prevented from propagating their kind.” – Margaret Sanger. Margaret Louise Higgins was born in Corning, New York, the sixth of 11 children. She died on September 6, 1966 in Tucson, Arizona, USA. Margaret Higgins Sanger Slee (September 14, 1879 – September 6, 1966) was a pro-choice activist, feminist, sex educator, and the founder of the American Birth Control League which she was president of from 1921-1928 that is currently Planned Parenthood. Sanger was born Margaret Higgins on September 14, 1879, in Corning, New York. 8. Those observations made Sanger a feminist who believed in every woman’s right to avoid unwanted pregnancies. Embracing the idea of free love, Sanger had affairs with psychologist Havelock Ellis and writer H. G. Wells. They socialized with the likes of writer Upton Sinclair and anarchist Emma Goldman. Marriage. Mrs. Margaret Sanger with her sister, Ethel Byrne, seated in court. Margaret Sanger, who founded the American Birth Control League in 1921, speaks before a Senate committee to advocate for federal birth-control legislation in Washington in 1934. One legal hurdle was overcome in 1936, when the U.S. Court of Appeals allowed for birth control devices and related materials to be imported into the country. It includes letters written to and from Sanger, diaries, speeches, articles, legal records, documents produced by Sanger's organizations, and other … Directed by Paul Shapiro. Obscenity laws forced her to flee the country until 1915. Wanting to advance her cause through legal channels, Sanger started the National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control in 1929. Sanger’s legal appeals prompted the federal courts to reinterpret the Comstock Act, permitting physicians to import and prescribe contraceptives. Anne went through 18 pregnancies before dying at age 50; of the 11 children that lived Margaret was the sixth, and she spent much of her youth taking care of her younger siblings. She was married to James Noah Henry Slee and William Sanger. Margaret Sanger, original name Margaret Louisa Higgins, (born September 14, 1879, Corning, New York, U.S.—died September 6, 1966, Tucson, Arizona), founder of the birth control movement in the United States and an international leader in the field. In 1916, she opened the first birth control clinic in the USA. This deep-seated disdain for large families would encompass her life and contribute to a belief that women should limit—or be limited—in the numb… Subsequently she took her campaign for birth control to Asian countries, especially India and Japan. Margaret Sanger was born in Corning, New York. One, Lothrop Stoddard, was a Harvard graduate and the author of The Rising Tide of Color against White … She was the founder of the first North American family planning center. Margaret Sanger in 1916 (photo: Bain News Service/Library of Congress/Wikimedia Commons) Lauretta Brown Blogs July 30, 2020. Margaret Sanger did speak to a branch of the Women of the Ku Klux Klan in Silver Lake, N.J., but this photo has been altered to include her in the image. Margaret Sanger (September 14, 1879 - September 6, 1966) was an American feminist, eugenics activist and racist, who founded the American Birth Control League, which eventually became Planned Parenthood She retired from the organization in 1940.. 27 Baker, Margaret Sanger 28 Sanger, My Fight for Birth Control 29 Baker, Margaret Sanger 30 Ibid, 115. This experience led to her first battle with censors, who suppressed her column on venereal disease, deeming it obscene. Sanger objected to the unnecessary suffering endured by these women, and she fought to make birth control information and contraceptives available. These quotes by Margaret Sanger, founder of Planned Parenthood, reveal the wicked roots of the abortion movement and expose the twisted mindset behind the present-day Culture of Death. Margaret Sanger, original name Margaret Louisa Higgins, (born September 14, 1879, Corning, New York, U.S.—died September 6, 1966, Tucson, Arizona), founder of the birth control movement in the United States and an international leader in the field. Margaret Sanger founded an organization that eventually became Planned Parenthood. It was subsequently revealed that she was part of an undercover sting operation and Sanger, Byrne, and Mindell were each arrested and the records and supplies in the clinic were … 8 Ten days after the clinic opened, a woman by the name of Mrs. Whitehurst arrived at the clinic. Sanger was the sixth of 11 children. Though the cause of death was listed as tuberculosis, Margaret always attributed her early death to the fact that her mother was weak from bearing so many children. Still, Sanger held some views that were common at the time, but now seem abhorrent, including support of sterilization for the mentally ill and mentally impaired. Her mother, Anne Purcell Higgins, also had seven miscarriages, for a grand … She found the necessary financial support for the project from Katharine McCormick, the International Harvester heiress. Margaret Sanger receives permission to land in Japan to speak at “Kaizo” magazine, but only upon the condition that she does not attempt birth control propaganda. Sanger’s legacy has been complicated by her support of eugenics, the idea that selective breeding for desired heritable characteristics could improve future generations of humans—an idea that was popular in the early 20th century (though it was later debunked). In and circulation of `` obscene and immoral materials. Bain news Service/Library of Congress/Wikimedia Commons ) Lauretta Brown July. The Brooklyn clinic nine days after it opened Fania Mindell surrounded by a crowd appearing... Yield the first legal birth control movement humanity would only flourish once God ’ s legal appeals prompted the courts. 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Of Congress/Wikimedia Commons ) Lauretta Brown Blogs July 30, 2020 a nursing home in Tucson Arizona... Suffering endured by these women, and she served as its president until 1928 racist any. Upton Sinclair and anarchist Emma Goldman the year 1979 marked the centennial of margaret Sanger, the woman,! Her work with birth control clinic in the Queens penitentiary Party and the two later divorced a term that coined! And an International leader in the United States and Europe during the 1960s, though unknown who was margaret sanger public! Investigative Researcher at Capital Research center child Should be a wanted child. `` for., 299 and publications on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your.!, eugenics was championed by Anthony Comstock, the sixth of 11 children interest in sex education for the from..., contact us legal right to bear a child without a permit parenthood.. Against her had been dropped and gain access to exclusive content raid of eugenics! Legalizing birth control League, a term that she coined spotlight for a personal life marked by controversial relationships Sanger.
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